tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40191043314951376652024-03-05T13:28:24.680-05:00reference to teutonic knightsThis blog is reference site for the readers of the book "Teutonic Knights" by Henryk Sienkiewicz and/or readers of the i-book (blog) The Knights of the Cross.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.comBlogger56125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-86520543460530852352022-10-08T11:20:00.000-04:002022-10-08T11:20:51.411-04:00Masuria - Mazury<p> Masuria (Polish: Mazury, German: Masuren, Masurian: Mazurÿ) is a historical region in northern and northeastern Poland, famous for its 2,000 lakes. The region covers a territory of some 10,000 km2 which is inhabited by approximately 500,000 people.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-35270533421121866482022-10-08T11:12:00.002-04:002022-10-08T11:12:31.958-04:00Kestutis or Kęstutis<p> Kęstutis (1297–1382) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania. He was the Duke of Trakai and governed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1342–1382, together with his brother Algirdas (until 1377) and his nephew Jogaila (until 1381). He ruled over the Lithuanians and Ruthenians.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-71976756382884424802022-09-24T10:54:00.002-04:002022-10-08T11:09:53.509-04:00Gord<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0rmTr89nM-9yg6plAkAycbrAYecpRovAGBxIsNX56h07HMF4SHHQQC9RYuCqmKOyrNk3mJgWc3M88cA4sEs2POK0Yobs-d4EwjQG93s4PMjfOaZznif1LXmJbQiPLbZaIGVattxuOc3ZgVpTg27JW8J_J2hAWoup2DHUgaWpEOJ96_G5E13iM5N7Ofg/s800/capture%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="800" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0rmTr89nM-9yg6plAkAycbrAYecpRovAGBxIsNX56h07HMF4SHHQQC9RYuCqmKOyrNk3mJgWc3M88cA4sEs2POK0Yobs-d4EwjQG93s4PMjfOaZznif1LXmJbQiPLbZaIGVattxuOc3ZgVpTg27JW8J_J2hAWoup2DHUgaWpEOJ96_G5E13iM5N7Ofg/s320/capture%203.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th–12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe. The typical gord usually consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark.<p></p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-17773509611272201752022-09-24T09:57:00.002-04:002022-09-24T09:58:03.906-04:00Moczydoly <p> Moczydoły is a fictional property of Zych, Jagienka's father. The name is after wetlands on the property.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-19027899039935506852022-09-14T17:17:00.003-04:002022-09-23T20:01:49.256-04:00Mead or honey<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJRvnc1rfZm-ZBdVg-CXZoFGkRj-QpeNcRfizbtKymX_9oT2Gs_MRXdJFnCeQKm6TgQiFyyhqzLus7lEszaIdU-J_bVPYu_G4yjcdlzkzJep5YHaOAeaDsui3EZ_di6n3i1eGseowMfHiTBD8vFl4Jv3eCLzncO1tHoelja7FVT1Dq7kvhAp7fijtIA/s778/capture%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="778" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJRvnc1rfZm-ZBdVg-CXZoFGkRj-QpeNcRfizbtKymX_9oT2Gs_MRXdJFnCeQKm6TgQiFyyhqzLus7lEszaIdU-J_bVPYu_G4yjcdlzkzJep5YHaOAeaDsui3EZ_di6n3i1eGseowMfHiTBD8vFl4Jv3eCLzncO1tHoelja7FVT1Dq7kvhAp7fijtIA/w640-h418/capture%203.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />Mead is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting honey mixed with water, and sometimes with added ingredients such as fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content ranges from about 3.5% to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the beverage's fermentable sugar is derived from honey.</div><div><br /></div><div>The term honey wine (or 'honey' in the book) is sometimes used as a synonym for mead.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mead was produced in ancient times throughout Europe, Africa and Asia.</div>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-11052359961871817742022-08-18T13:58:00.001-04:002022-08-18T13:58:29.314-04:00Dwor (dwór)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJgNAaxwHuzYxodwPTgP7MhANYxd8VGV4qloz-B-O-fkRwb2qJZET7749ALBdAbMFjIQPQMgdSHDO-L4Bu0Wu7W3zPVw37nm3_TPtZOZV0WOPcHO3XVf25ZT_pPuUftp0ZbT5aSv4071DI-57nZVlCLapPF3pJohJZXln-78qxmofRUZJPZoey8fUxPQ/s865/capture%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="865" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJgNAaxwHuzYxodwPTgP7MhANYxd8VGV4qloz-B-O-fkRwb2qJZET7749ALBdAbMFjIQPQMgdSHDO-L4Bu0Wu7W3zPVw37nm3_TPtZOZV0WOPcHO3XVf25ZT_pPuUftp0ZbT5aSv4071DI-57nZVlCLapPF3pJohJZXln-78qxmofRUZJPZoey8fUxPQ/w400-h271/capture%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>Dwór: court, the residence of a sovereign, manor, estate, farmstead, homestead.</p><p><i>or</i></p><p>Dwór: collective body of the retinue of a sovereign; formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-11944897109933730952022-08-18T09:50:00.003-04:002022-09-23T20:02:18.030-04:00Zych from Zgorzelice<p> <span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Zych from Zgorzelice is a neighbor of Macko and Zbyszko and father of Jagienka.</span></p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-1945270619713836362022-08-15T20:48:00.003-04:002022-08-15T20:48:54.634-04:00Tatars<p> The Tatars is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar." Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes. </p><p>Historically, the term Tatars (or Tartars) was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as Tartary. This term was also conflated with the Mongol Empire itself. More recently, however, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as Tatar, namely Tatar by Volga Tatars (Tatars proper), Crimean Tatar by Crimean Tatars, and Siberian Tatar by Siberian Tatars.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-85358643269119014712022-08-01T09:59:00.002-04:002022-09-23T20:04:45.293-04:00Jasko of Teczyn, Castellan of Krakow<p> In the book Jasko of Teczyn is a Catellan of Krakow.</p><p>Jan (or Jasko) of Teczyn, (born between 1408–1410, died on July 6, 1470) - the castellan of Kraków in the years 1459–1470, the voivode of Kraków in the years 1438–1459, the voivode of Sandomierz in the years 1437–1438, the castellan of Wojnica in the years 1435–1437, guardian of the Kraków land in the years 1434–1436, the starost of Lublin in the years 1434–1438, the castellan of Biecz in the years 1433–1435.</p><p>For a quarter of a century, he was the most powerful magnate in Poland. It seems that the book's character is based on Jan, but the story itself takes place around 1410.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-57670406953299846312022-05-08T20:18:00.001-04:002022-05-08T20:20:47.196-04:00Rus'<p><span style="font-size: medium;">More precisely - <b>Kievan Rus'</b></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHI5eVIekj699qnaK1Y5kaTvi-8sVAA0H8mY03KWoiSh1jPm99o7isb9Y3GVRlPXD_BzIPK8pcQeeMbFXJjSllAk4slyG1j0xSv4sFIOBCrtGJGXhWKd5TOpQXA_vYh3FuFH6nyAgUaio2uU8T9fx8KC2N3Idac7MqQEduYSbg5X1lWLs54dH_K2q2Q/s554/Capture%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="554" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHI5eVIekj699qnaK1Y5kaTvi-8sVAA0H8mY03KWoiSh1jPm99o7isb9Y3GVRlPXD_BzIPK8pcQeeMbFXJjSllAk4slyG1j0xSv4sFIOBCrtGJGXhWKd5TOpQXA_vYh3FuFH6nyAgUaio2uU8T9fx8KC2N3Idac7MqQEduYSbg5X1lWLs54dH_K2q2Q/w400-h251/Capture%204.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />Kievan Rus' was a loose federation in Eastern Europe and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. Encompassing a variety of peoples, including East Slavic, Norse, Baltic, and Finnic. It was ruled by the Rurik dynasty. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting many East Slavic tribes.<p></p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-37746195275366969872021-02-23T21:02:00.001-05:002021-02-23T21:02:29.001-05:00Duchess Alexandra<p>Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess consort of Masovia</p><p>Alexandra was the youngest daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver. Though Alexandra's exact date of birth is not known, it is thought that she was born in the late 1360s or early 1370s. In 1387, she married Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and bore him thirteen children.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-52681614216198734152021-01-19T16:49:00.003-05:002021-01-19T16:50:26.302-05:00Queen Jadwiga<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga58rKJEKCsH3X0cL0vvknAD2W4w6vyEzJmxycdfuXudefhREQPlcLIkVpN3rjxBrSiKkjbok2dK_Cgc47fuDyPP6rzV3DjIbIgZ3AminwwEMvyXSazG19aY6jpby0Vi9BTe9D9NQ_jmzI/s626/Capture+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="474" height="493" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga58rKJEKCsH3X0cL0vvknAD2W4w6vyEzJmxycdfuXudefhREQPlcLIkVpN3rjxBrSiKkjbok2dK_Cgc47fuDyPP6rzV3DjIbIgZ3AminwwEMvyXSazG19aY6jpby0Vi9BTe9D9NQ_jmzI/w373-h493/Capture+4.JPG" width="373" /></a></div><br />Queen Jadwiga of Poland (1373 or 1374 – 17 July 1399) also known as Hedwig, was the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland, reigning from 16 October 1384 until her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she had more close forebears among the Polish Piasts. In 1997 she was canonized by the Catholic Church.<p></p><p>Jadwiga was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. </p><p>Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo, pledging to convert to Catholicism and to promote his pagan subjects' conversion. Jogaila, who took the baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Legend says that she had agreed to marrying him only after lengthy prayer, seeking divine inspiration.</p><p><br /></p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-81729168286570162402021-01-19T14:28:00.002-05:002022-09-23T20:05:19.775-04:00Te Deum<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKoy_cWylihQeSHoKsbtSZnhapjPPKc3YZ0J3zwXknf_ThX9DzotDF99mzYZDfK3MQipj_D5CgjCtodHUyoSACHxzbCXJLRPsDvhrBZmye6ltzekAwIh4XKHzJC8iR9BwiaEje6U3xYf_w/s523/Capture+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="387" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKoy_cWylihQeSHoKsbtSZnhapjPPKc3YZ0J3zwXknf_ThX9DzotDF99mzYZDfK3MQipj_D5CgjCtodHUyoSACHxzbCXJLRPsDvhrBZmye6ltzekAwIh4XKHzJC8iR9BwiaEje6U3xYf_w/s320/Capture+3.JPG" /></a></div><br /> The "Te Deum" - Te Deum laudamus - Latin for 'Thee, O God, we praise' is a Latin Christian hymn traditionally ascribed to AD 387 authorship, but with antecedents that place it much earlier. It is central to the Ambrosian hymnal, which spread throughout the Latin Church with other parts of the Milanese Rite in the 6th to 8th centuries. It is sometimes known as the "Ambrosian Hymn", although authorship by Saint Ambrose is unlikely. The term "Te Deum" can also refer to a short religious service (of blessing or thanks) based upon the hymn.<p></p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-9500649529305558252021-01-15T21:21:00.001-05:002021-01-15T21:24:51.952-05:00Powała (Powala) of Taczew<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzZHOyXSo1DT0fmM-GYW-tEPadUMixDzvFMaq7kH5LB4ygrT1pnUYUsUQQVeLx7Fwiyi2gYwMYXvZN5_ClRdeOXVb3vJ3BsHZII3fI78HO2VHRQcp6RdcJIWek8HURrjfY340dUH3vmdD/s273/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzZHOyXSo1DT0fmM-GYW-tEPadUMixDzvFMaq7kH5LB4ygrT1pnUYUsUQQVeLx7Fwiyi2gYwMYXvZN5_ClRdeOXVb3vJ3BsHZII3fI78HO2VHRQcp6RdcJIWek8HURrjfY340dUH3vmdD/s0/Capture.JPG" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> Sir Mikołaj Powała of Taczew was a Polish knight in the Middle Ages. He took part in the Battle of Grunwald of 1410. He was also one of the Polish knights to represent the king at the tournament at Buda held to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of Lubowla.<p></p><p>There is a hill (mound) named after him outside Taczew. However, his Castle is now in ruins. Descendants of Pan Mikołaj Powała z Taczewa also fought in the battles for Vienna in Austria. Their family coat of arms is engraved in the Cathedral of Vienna.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-6243398237044623182021-01-15T21:16:00.001-05:002021-01-15T21:25:33.724-05:00Świdnica Beer<p> The name comes from the city of Świdnica, from which beer was delivered to the restaurants in the Middle Ages. </p><p>Świdnica was a renowned brewing center, and its beer was served in restaurants called "Świdnica Cellars", which existed in large cities such as Kraków (Poland), Prague (Czechia), Pisa (Italy), Heidelberg (Germany), Toruń (Poland), and Wrocław (Poland), the last of which, established in 1273, still operates to this day.</p>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-75178681981504834442017-01-21T16:47:00.001-05:002017-01-21T16:47:40.321-05:00Stole<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09alPo3iSM19yJtGP0Lgj3XJ8OURFY841HDQw5WMAXYH9aQNUT2tIvVMVAL55rjs2i_5CcU0TAfIgAYKIx8kueAiVFHSUxDAvJCxjyvxMgIhYdfpYz93VdV3VrwsSOyxfphp7_u0Q4FOu/s1600/capture1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09alPo3iSM19yJtGP0Lgj3XJ8OURFY841HDQw5WMAXYH9aQNUT2tIvVMVAL55rjs2i_5CcU0TAfIgAYKIx8kueAiVFHSUxDAvJCxjyvxMgIhYdfpYz93VdV3VrwsSOyxfphp7_u0Q4FOu/s1600/capture1.gif" /></a></div>
A liturgical vestment composed of a strip of material from two to four inches wide and about eighty inches long.<br />
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14301a.htm">more</a>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-6869897921856746522016-11-10T17:08:00.001-05:002016-11-10T17:08:12.417-05:00BeneLatin word, meaning: "well"Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-48911329658745518542016-11-04T15:30:00.002-04:002016-11-04T15:31:02.585-04:00ZmudzŻmudź refers to Polish name for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, a region of Lithuania.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-73072388069065283292016-10-03T14:43:00.001-04:002016-10-03T14:43:14.431-04:00LotharingerPerson, in this case, living in <a href="http://aboutknights.blogspot.com/search/label/Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-32819385666867960622016-09-27T11:56:00.001-04:002016-09-27T11:56:07.271-04:00PaxPax (from Latin) means: "peace", "take it easy".Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-51711927540215187762016-09-27T11:52:00.000-04:002016-09-27T11:52:34.462-04:00WłodykaWłodyka - lesser knight in 14th/15th century in Poland. Part of the knighthood but with lesser financial position. They enjoyed a higher social status than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerialis">ministeriales</a>.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-91349054993608906162016-09-27T11:51:00.000-04:002016-09-27T11:51:45.560-04:00Włodyka, WładykaIn this case this term was used in Poland in that era in regard to middle or lower nobility. It translates to "lord" or "elder".Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-75292717355370572522016-09-14T14:53:00.003-04:002016-09-14T14:53:26.598-04:00Grzywna<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GK7y9-O8ZI9T6KeDYvyxMwiO8e0eOkF_1n0NcDUL5baCTUCN2Uow3SKLs7CMz_T7-G0y2aLuNSKGxM_3yLgsD7NOIeaj05ps1Tpy2eyB3dA3T3v36XPNlXQ-9FRhEN_yLnrHjZlCgpTx/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GK7y9-O8ZI9T6KeDYvyxMwiO8e0eOkF_1n0NcDUL5baCTUCN2Uow3SKLs7CMz_T7-G0y2aLuNSKGxM_3yLgsD7NOIeaj05ps1Tpy2eyB3dA3T3v36XPNlXQ-9FRhEN_yLnrHjZlCgpTx/s200/Capture.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
The "grzywna" was a measure of weight, mainly for silver, commonly used throughout medieval central and eastern Europe, particularly in the Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: hřivna).<br />
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Grzywna was also a unit of measure of a unit of exchange, and as such used as money in the 10th–15th centuries. Silver ingots acted as commodity money before the widespread use of minted coins. <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzywna_(unit)">more</a></b>Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-88681494403512503102016-09-03T17:16:00.002-04:002016-09-03T17:16:43.413-04:00Lute<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgULjFQhPqN03J7QdvImI1-UukCJhgn9tkUg9crROpZc1yDSw7J4R5CQaQbXoCye6ICihzZ1MNJDI04m0HVZZPmFFQfo22wzmiTAT97KbPSlT1lpgFzH_uxbiuHJ2S36DRGv8fDF1ojOnHP/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgULjFQhPqN03J7QdvImI1-UukCJhgn9tkUg9crROpZc1yDSw7J4R5CQaQbXoCye6ICihzZ1MNJDI04m0HVZZPmFFQfo22wzmiTAT97KbPSlT1lpgFzH_uxbiuHJ2S36DRGv8fDF1ojOnHP/s1600/Capture.JPG" /></a></div>
The European lute and the modern Near-Eastern oud descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths. The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance.[2] It is also an accompanying instrument, especially in vocal works, often realizing a basso continuo or playing a written-out accompaniment. The player of a lute is called a lutenist, lutanist or lutist, and a maker of lutes (or any similar string instrument) is referred to as a luthier.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4019104331495137665.post-46275048599033418332016-09-03T16:43:00.001-04:002016-09-03T16:43:05.314-04:00KurpieKurpie is one of a number of ethnic regions in Poland, noted for its unique traditional customs, such as its own types of traditional costume, traditional dance, and distinctive type of architecture and livelihoods. Kurpie is also the name of the people of this culture.Krishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09288700547485932472noreply@blogger.com0